Publications
Dittmann, A.G., Stephens, N.M., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2024). Interdependent behavior only benefits employees from working-class backgrounds when it is both enacted and valued. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General.
Stephens, N. M., Townsend, S. S. M., Carey, R. M., Hamedani, M. G., Brannon, T. N., & Murphy, M. C. (2023). The benefits of difference-education interventions in lower-resourced institutions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General.
Carey, R. M., Stephens, N. M., Townsend, S. S. M. & Hamedani, M. G. (2022). Is diversity enough? Cross-race and cross-class interactions in college occur less often than expected, but benefit members of lower-status groups when they occur. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 123(5), 889–908.
Stephens, N. M., Rivera, L. A., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2021). The cycle of workplace bias and how to interrupt it. Research in Organizational Behavior, 40, 100137.
Hall, E. V., Townsend, S. S. M., & Carter, J. (2021). What’s in a name? The hidden historical ideologies embedded in the Black and African-American racial labels. Psychological Science, 32(11), 1720-1730.
Townsend, S. S. M., Stephens, N. M., & Hamedani, M. (2021). Difference-education improves first-generation students’ grades throughout college and increases comfort with social group difference. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 47(10), 1510-1519.
Birnbaum, H. J., Stephens, N. M., Townsend, S. S. M., & Hamedani, M. G. (2020). A Diversity Ideology Intervention: Multiculturalism Reduces the Racial Achievement Gap. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 12(5), 751-759.
Phillips, L.T., Stephens, N.M., Townsend, S.S.M., & Goudeau, S. (2020). Access is not enough: Cultural mismatch persists to limit first-generation students’ opportunities for achievement throughout college. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119(5), 1112-1131.
Dittmann, A. G., Stephens, N. M., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2020). Achievement is not class-neutral: Working together benefits people from working-class contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119(3), 517-539.
Townsend, S. S. M., Stephens, N. M., Smallets, S., & Hamedani, M. (2019). Empowerment through difference:
An online difference-education intervention closes the social class achievement gap. Personality and Social
Psychology Bulletin, 45, 1068-1083.
Stephens, N. M., Hamedani, M., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2019). Difference matters: Teaching students a contextual
theory of difference can help them succeed. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14, 156–174.
Destin, M., Manzo, V. M., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2018). Thoughts about a Successful Future Encourage Action in the Face of Challenge. Motivation and Emotion, 42, 321-333.
Townsend, S. S. M., Stephens, N. M., Smallets, S., & Hamedani, M. (2018). Empowerment through difference: An online difference-education intervention closes the social class achievement gap. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45(7), 1068-1083.
Townsend, S. S. M., & Truong, M. (2017). Cultural models of self and social class disparities at organizational gateways and pathways. Current Opinion in Psychology, 18, 93-98.
Stephens, N. M., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2017). Research: How you feel about individualism is influenced by your social class. Harvard Business Review, May 22.
Major, B., Kuntsman, J. W., Malta, B. D., Sawyer, P. J., Townsend, S. S. M., & Mendes, W. B. (2016). Suspicion of motives shapes minorities’ responses to positive feedback in interracial interactions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 62, 75-88.
Stephens, N. M., Townsend, S. S. M., Hamedani, M., Destin, M., & Manzo, V. (2015). A Difference-education intervention equips first-generation college students to thrive in the face of stressful college situations. Psychological Science, 26, 1556-1566.
Hall, E. V., Phillips, K. W., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2015). A rose by any other name? The consequences of subtyping “African Americans” from "Blacks." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 56, 183-190.
Stephens, N. M., Cameron, J., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2014). Lower social class does not (always) mean greater interdependence: Women in poverty have fewer social resources than working-class women. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 45, 1061–1073.
Townsend, S. S. M., Kim, H. S., & Mesquita, B. (2014). Are you feeling what I’m feeling? Emotional concordance attenuates experiences of stress. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5, 526-533.
Townsend, S. S. M., Eliezer, D., Major, B., & Mendes, W. B. (2014). Influencing the World versus Adjusting to Constraints: Social Class Moderates Responses to Discrimination. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5, 226-234.
Townsend, S. S. M., & Thompson, L. (2014). Implications of the Protestant Work Ethic for cooperative and mixed-motive teams. Organizational Psychology Review, 4, 4-26.
Stephens, N. M., Townsend, S. S. M., Markus, H. R., & Phillips, T. (2012). A cultural mismatch: The adverse effect of independent cultural norms on the neuroendocrine and affective responses of first-generation college students in American universities. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 1389-1393.
Townsend, S. S. M., Fryberg, S. A., Wilkins, C. L., & Markus, H. R. (2012). Being mixed: Who claims a biracial identity? Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 18, 91-96.
Sawyer, P., Major, B., Casad, B. J., Townsend, S. S. M., & Mendes, W. B. (2012). Discrimination and the stress response: Psychological and physiological consequences of anticipating prejudice in interracial interaction. American Journal of Public Health, 102, 1020-1026.
Townsend, S. S. M., Major, B., Gangi, C., & Mendes, W. B. (2011). From “In the air” to “Under the skin:” Cortisol responses to social identity threat. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 151-164.
Eliezer, D., Townsend, S. S. M., Sawyer, P. J., Major, B., & Mendes, W. B. (2011). System-justifying beliefs moderate the relationship between perceived discrimination and resting blood pressure. Social Cognition, 29, 303-321.
Townsend, S. S. M., Major, B., Sawyer, P. J., & Mendes, W. B. (2010). Can the absence of prejudice be more threatening than its presence? It depends on one’s worldview. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 933-947.
Townsend, S. S. M., Markus, H. R., & Bergsieker, H. B. (2009). My choice, your categories: The denial of multiracial identities. Journal of Social Issues, 65, 185-204.
Uchida, Y., Townsend, S. S. M., Markus, H. R., & Bergsieker, H. B. (2009). Emotions as within or between people? Cultural variation in lay theories of emotion expression and emotion inference. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 1427-1439.
Stephens, N. M., Markus, H. R., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2007). Choice as an act of meaning: The case of social class. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 814-830.
Markus, H. R., Uchida, Y., Omoregie, H., Townsend, S. S. M., & Kitayama, S. (2006). Going for the gold: American and Japanese models of Olympic agency. Psychological Science, 17, 103-112.