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Publications

Dittmann, A.G., Stephens, N.M., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2024). Interdependent behavior only benefits employees from working-class backgrounds when it is both enacted and valued. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General.

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Stephens, N. M., Townsend, S. S. M., Carey, R. M., Hamedani, M. G., Brannon, T. N., & Murphy, M. C. (2023). The benefits of difference-education interventions in lower-resourced institutions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. ​

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Carey, R. M., Stephens, N. M., Townsend, S. S. M. & Hamedani, M. G. (2022). Is diversity enough? Cross-race and cross-class interactions in college occur less often than expected, but benefit members of lower-status groups when they occur. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 123(5), 889–908.  

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Stephens, N. M., Rivera, L. A., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2021). The cycle of workplace bias and how to interrupt it. Research in Organizational Behavior, 40, 100137. 

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Hall, E. V., Townsend, S. S. M., & Carter, J. (2021). What’s in a name? The hidden historical ideologies embedded in the Black and African-American racial labels. Psychological Science, 32(11), 1720-1730. 

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Townsend, S. S. M., Stephens, N. M., & Hamedani, M. (2021). Difference-education improves first-generation students’ grades throughout college and increases comfort with social group difference. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 47(10), 1510-1519. 

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Birnbaum, H. J., Stephens, N. M., Townsend, S. S. M., & Hamedani, M. G. (2020). A Diversity Ideology Intervention: Multiculturalism Reduces the Racial Achievement GapSocial Psychological and Personality Science, 12(5), 751-759.

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Phillips, L.T., Stephens, N.M., Townsend, S.S.M., & Goudeau, S. (2020). Access is not enough: Cultural mismatch persists to limit first-generation students’ opportunities for achievement throughout college. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119(5), 1112-1131. 

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Dittmann, A. G., Stephens, N. M., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2020). Achievement is not class-neutral: Working together benefits people from working-class contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119(3), 517-539.

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Townsend, S. S. M., Stephens, N. M., Smallets, S., & Hamedani, M. (2019). Empowerment through difference:
An online difference-education intervention closes the social class achievement gap
.
Personality and Social
Psychology Bulletin, 45
, 1068-1083.

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Stephens, N. M., Hamedani, M., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2019). Difference matters: Teaching students a contextual
theory of difference can help them succeed
. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14, 156–174.

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Destin, M., Manzo, V. M., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2018). Thoughts about a Successful Future Encourage Action in the Face of Challenge. Motivation and Emotion, 42, 321-333.

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Townsend, S. S. M., Stephens, N. M., Smallets, S., & Hamedani, M. (2018). Empowerment through difference: An online difference-education intervention closes the social class achievement gap. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45(7), 1068-1083.

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Townsend, S. S. M., & Truong, M. (2017). Cultural models of self and social class disparities at organizational gateways and pathways. Current Opinion in Psychology, 18, 93-98. 

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Stephens, N. M., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2017). Research: How you feel about individualism is influenced by your social class. Harvard Business Review, May 22. 
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Major, B., Kuntsman, J. W., Malta, B. D., Sawyer, P. J., Townsend, S. S. M., & Mendes, W. B. (2016). Suspicion of motives shapes minorities’ responses to positive feedback in interracial interactions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 62, 75-88. 

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Stephens, N. M., Townsend, S. S. M., Hamedani, M., Destin, M., & Manzo, V. (2015). A Difference-education intervention equips first-generation college students to thrive in the face of stressful college situations. Psychological Science, 26, 1556-1566.

Hall, E. V., Phillips, K. W., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2015). A rose by any other name? The consequences of subtyping “African Americans” from "Blacks." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 56, 183-190.    

Stephens, N. M., Cameron, J., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2014). Lower social class does not (always) mean greater interdependence: Women in poverty have fewer social resources than working-class women. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 45, 1061–1073.

Townsend, S. S. M., Kim, H. S., & Mesquita, B. (2014). Are you feeling what I’m feeling? Emotional concordance attenuates experiences of stress. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5, 526-533.

Townsend, S. S. M., Eliezer, D., Major, B., & Mendes, W. B. (2014). Influencing the World versus Adjusting to Constraints: Social Class Moderates Responses to Discrimination. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5, 226-234.

Townsend, S. S. M., & Thompson, L. (2014). Implications of the Protestant Work Ethic for cooperative and mixed-motive teams. Organizational Psychology Review, 4, 4-26.

Stephens, N. M., Townsend, S. S. M., Markus, H. R., & Phillips, T. (2012). A cultural mismatch: The adverse effect of independent cultural norms on the neuroendocrine and affective responses of first-generation college students in American universities. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48, 1389-1393.

Townsend, S. S. M., Fryberg, S. A., Wilkins, C. L., & Markus, H. R. (2012). Being mixed: Who claims a biracial identity? Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 18, 91-96.

Sawyer, P., Major, B., Casad, B. J., Townsend, S. S. M., & Mendes, W. B. (2012). Discrimination and the stress response: Psychological and physiological consequences of anticipating prejudice in interracial interaction. American Journal of Public Health, 102, 1020-1026. 

Townsend, S. S. M., Major, B., Gangi, C., & Mendes, W. B. (2011). From “In the air” to “Under the skin:” Cortisol responses to social identity threat. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 151-164. 

Eliezer, D., Townsend, S. S. M., Sawyer, P. J., Major, B., & Mendes, W. B. (2011). System-justifying beliefs moderate the relationship between perceived discrimination and resting blood pressure. Social Cognition, 29, 303-321.

Townsend, S. S. M., Major, B., Sawyer, P. J., & Mendes, W. B. (2010). Can the absence of prejudice be more threatening than its presence? It depends on one’s worldview. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 933-947. 

Townsend, S. S. M., Markus, H. R., & Bergsieker, H. B. (2009). My choice, your categories: The denial of multiracial identities. Journal of Social Issues, 65, 185-204.

Uchida, Y., Townsend, S. S. M., Markus, H. R., & Bergsieker, H. B. (2009). Emotions as within or between people?  Cultural variation in lay theories of emotion expression and emotion inferencePersonality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 1427-1439. 

Stephens, N. M., Markus, H. R., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2007). Choice as an act of meaning: The case of social class. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 814-830.

Markus, H. R., Uchida, Y., Omoregie, H., Townsend, S. S. M., & Kitayama, S. (2006). Going for the gold: American and Japanese models of Olympic agency. Psychological Science, 17, 103-112.

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